Build an LLM from scratch on your laptop
Building AI feels impossible without a supercomputer, but you only need eight building blocks. Learn how to train your own model in under ten minutes.
Best quote from Build an LLM from scratch on your laptop
At its core, even the most powerful AI is really just 'autocomplete on steroids.' Whether it’s passing a medical exam or writing code, it’s fundamentally just predicting the next word based on patterns.
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I want to learn how to build LLMs
Frequently Asked Questions
This description refers to the fact that even the most complex Large Language Models are fundamentally designed to predict the next word in a sequence. By analyzing massive amounts of text, the model learns to identify patterns and determine "what comes next" in a sentence. While the results can feel like human intelligence, the underlying mechanism is a sophisticated guessing game based on mathematical probabilities and patterns found in the training data.
Computers bridge the gap between words and numbers through a process called tokenization. A tokenizer chops raw text into manageable pieces called tokens, which can be whole words or sub-units like prefixes and suffixes. Each unique token is assigned a specific integer ID. To ensure the model understands the order of these words, "positional embeddings" are added to these numbers, providing a sense of "first," "second," or "third" within a sentence so the model doesn't treat the input as an unordered "word soup."
Self-attention is the core of the transformer architecture that allows a model to understand context by letting every token in a sentence "talk" to every other token. It uses three vectors—Query, Key, and Value—to calculate scores that determine which words are most relevant to one another. For example, it helps the model realize that the word "it" refers to "animal" rather than "street" in a specific sentence. This mechanism enables the model to capture complex relationships and meanings across a sequence of text.
Pretraining is the initial phase where a model learns general language patterns, grammar, and world knowledge by predicting the next token across a massive dataset. Fine-tuning is a secondary, more targeted phase that teaches the model to follow specific instructions or perform specialized tasks, such as summarizing text or writing code. Fine-tuning often uses "loss masking" to ensure the model only learns from the correct responses rather than the instructions themselves, turning a general language learner into a helpful assistant.
No, you do not need a supercomputer to start building. While massive production models require thousands of high-end GPUs, a smaller model with around 10 million parameters can be trained on a standard laptop or a free cloud environment like Google Colab in a short amount of time. Techniques like LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) also allow developers to fine-tune large models using very little memory by only updating a tiny fraction of the model's parameters, making the technology accessible to individuals and small teams.
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From Columbia University alumni built in San Francisco
"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."
"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."
"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."
"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."
"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."
"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."
"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."
"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."
"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"
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"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."
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"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."
"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."
"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."
"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."
"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."
"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."
"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."
"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."
"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"
"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."
"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."
"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"
"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."
"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."
"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."
"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."
"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."
"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."
"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."
"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."
"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"
"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."
"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."
"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"
